Emissions of organic aerosol mass, black carbon, particle number, and regulated and unregulated gases from scooters and light and heavy duty vehicles with different fuels

摘要

A sampling campaign with seven different types of vehicles was conducted in2009 at the vehicle test facilities of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) inIspra (Italy). The vehicles chosen were representative of some categoriescirculating in Europe and were fueled either with standard gasoline or dieseland some with blends of rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel. The aim of this workwas to improve the knowledge about the emission factors of gas phase andparticle-associated regulated and unregulated species from vehicle exhaust.Unregulated species such as black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosol (OA)content, particle number (PN), monocyclic and polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and a~selection of unregulated gaseous compounds,including nitrous acid (NO), ammonia (NH), hydrogen cyanide(HCN), formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (CHCHO), sulfur dioxide(SO), and methane (CH), were measured in real time witha suite of instruments including a high-resolution aerosol time-of-flightmass spectrometer, a resonance enhanced multi-photon ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometer, and a high resolution Fourier transforminfrared spectrometer. Diesel vehicles, without particle filters, featuredthe highest values for particle number, followed by gasoline vehicles andscooters. The particles from diesel and gasoline vehicles were mostly made ofBC with a low fraction of OA, while the particles from the scooters weremainly composed of OA. Scooters were characterized by super high emissionsfactors for OA, which were orders of magnitude higher than for the othervehicles. The heavy duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) featured the highest nitrogenoxides (NO) emissions, while the scooters had the highest emissionsfor total hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds due to the unburned andpartially burned gasoline and lubricant oil mixture. Generally, vehiclesfuelled with biodiesel blends showed lower emission factors of OA and totalaromatics than those from the standard fuels. The scooters were the mainemitters of aromatic compounds, followed by the gasoline vehicle, the dieselvehicles and the HDDV.